![]() Swallowing drugs often produces only a slow rise in brain concentrations because plants must be digested and absorbed and the active ingredients must escape destruction in the liver. Until then, methods of delivering the active ingredients to the brain were relatively unsophisticated: swallowing and smoking. Things began to change in the 19th century. These are products humans have known and used for millennia. Nicotine, cocaine, and many narcotics come from plants, and alcohol is produced by fermentation of many grains and fruits. ![]() Many well known, problematic drugs have followed this pattern because they are derived from readily available and common plant products. Society then seeks to control use of the chemical. Repeated use, however, leads to compulsive use and destructive consequences. The history of addiction stretches over thousands of years and reveals a persistent pattern: A chemical, often one with medicinal beneļ¬ts, is discovered and found to be appealing for recreational use.
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